初中英语阅读理解题型及解题技巧

　　张新丽

　　从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看，短文体裁多样，题材各异，文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面，充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。

　　做阅读理解练习应先看问题，弄清考点。在阅读短文之前，快速浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解，再作判断。

　　(一)主旨题

　　主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开，主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。

　　如：My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.

　　On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.

　　We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done.

　　This passage mainly talks about ______________.

　　A. the writer’s friends at theActivityCenter

　　B. the writer’s experience at theActivityCenter

　　C. outdoor sports at theActivityCenter

　　D. how to go rock-climbing and caving

　　[参考答案B]上述这段短文的中心是说明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者的朋友，还有组上的其他一些成员一起在活动中心度周末的一些活动以及感受。

　　(二)细节题

　　细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。

　　如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives.

　　Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. And my favorite rockband, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士乐). She thinks jazz is really cool.

　　“I like dance music and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”

　　But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (轻松的) music,” she says. That’s why she likes country music, I think.

　　①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________.

　　A. it’s an exciting part of our lives?

　　B. it’s an amazing part of our lives

　　C. it’s an important part of our lives

　　②What kind of music does the writer like??

　　A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music.?C. Jazz and country music.

　　③Who likes dancing??

　　A. The writer.?B. Li Lan.?C. Jane.

　　④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________.

　　A. amazing?B. boring?C. relaxing

　　⑤How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?

　　A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.

　　这是几道重要事实和细节的辨认题，全是围绕短文的主题句“Different people have different ideas about music”来展开说明的，起补充举例作用。答案分别为①C②A③B④C⑤B。

　　(三)推断题

　　推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。

　　One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shopping center.

　　“Why do you buy things here?”Tracywanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please.”

　　TheWilsonswere not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said,“We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket.” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there.”

　　“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi fare was more than the money that you saved !”

　　Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right.

　　“Well done,” she said. “Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby.”

　　①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket.

　　A. cheaper?B. nicer?C. more expensive?D. Better?

　　②Mrs.Wilson_________ in the end.

　　A. spent more money?B. paid less money?

　　C. lost some money D. saved a little money

　　这两个问题都是细节性问题，但又不能直接从文章中得出答案，要经过分析和计算间接地获得事实细节。①选C。由Mrs. Wilson的话“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②选A。Mrs. Wilson在超级市场买的东西是便宜的，但返回时由于东西多结果打的士回家将打的士的费用摊进去就高于节省的费用了，因此可以知道：Mrs.

　　猜测词义题

　　猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下，推断词义的题目中所出现的单词，大多数是学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，检查是否贴切，仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。

　　1.通过因果关系猜词

　　通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：

　　You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。

　　2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词

　　通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。

　　3.通过构词法猜词

　　在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。

　　4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义

　　A. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.

　　定语从句中的looks after sheep就解释了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。

　　B. Like her younger sister who is gregarious,Alicealso likes to make friends.句首的like(像)这个语境线索说明：句中的gregarious与likes to make friends意义相近。

　　通过这些方式可以帮助学生加快阅读速度，进一步提高阅读正确率。

　　5.通过句法功能来推测词义

　　例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。

　　6.通过描述猜词

　　描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。因此该词是企鹅。

　　(五)正误判断题

　　正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。

　　This is our classroom. It's a very nice room. There are two doors and four windows. The windows are big and bright. There is a map of the world(世界) on the wall. You can see some flowers on the teacher's desk. They are for the teachers. Our English teacher is Mrs. Zhang. She is a very good teacher. There are forty-five desks and chairs in our classroom. They are new. They are for us.

　　根据短文判断正(T)误(F)：

　　1. Our classroom has two windows.　　T　　F

　　2. The doors are big and bright.　　T　　F

　　3. There is a map of China on the wall.　　T　　F

　　4. Mrs. Zhang is our Chinese teacher.　　T　　F

　　5. You can see forty-five desks of students in the classroom.　　T　　F

　　1题原句four windows，答案错。

　　2题原句The windows are big and bright，答案错。

　　3题原句There is a map of the world(世界) on the wall.，答案错。

　　4题原句Our English teacher is Mrs. Zhang，答案错。

　　5题原句There are forty-five desks and chairs in our classroom.答案对。